Tuesday, September 29, 2015

The SERC Experience: My Summer on the Chesapeake Bay


Rather than being knee-deep in water quality research at my home base in Gainesville, I spent this past summer at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center located in Edgewater, MD, on the iconic Chesapeake Bay. 

Research activities at SERC encompass virtually all aspects of coastal ecosystems: wetland biogeochemistry, marine biodiversity and invasions, plant and animal population dynamics, water quality, effects of global change and land use, and more! You can check out highlights of SERC research on twitter @SmithsonianEnv.



Step One: Get a GRIP
So, how did I end up in Maryland? The story begins with the National Science Foundation (NSF). Every year, NSF funds graduate studies through their Graduate Research Fellowship Program. NSF recently created a new initiative called the Graduate Research Internship Program (GRIP). NSF GRIP offers NSF Graduate Research Fellows the opportunity to expand their research and spend a few months at a national lab or federal agency. I received a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship at the beginning of my graduate studies, so I was eligible for this new internship program - I applied, and I got a GRIP! 

The Global Change Research Wetland
During my 10-week stay this summer, I joined the Biogeochemistry Lab, whose Principal Investigator is Dr. Pat Megongial. Much of the Biogeochemistry Lab’s research takes place at the Kirkpatrick Marsh, which is also referred to as the Global Change Research Wetland. The Global Change Research Wetland is the world’s premier field site for research on tidal wetland responses to global change, and has been home to experiments and observations on the interactions between salt marsh plant communities, CO2, nitrogen, and sea level for almost 30 years. Essentially, researchers at the Global Change Research Wetland are increasing our understanding of the fate tidal marshes face in a future world.


Aerial view of the Global Change Research Wetland at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, taken by Dr. Chuck Gallegos.

Every summer, the experimental chambers in the marsh are comprehensively surveyed. Data collected during these surveys are used to understand how experimental and natural changes influence the marsh plant community, which can then assist efforts to understand how these changes might scale to other tidal marsh systems. One of my internship goals was to get my feet wet and hands dirty in Global Change Research Wetland activities (figuratively and literally!), and I was not disappointed! In July, I had the opportunity to assist with a few aspects of the aforementioned marsh survey, including stem density and dimension measurements.



Top to bottom: in the marsh and field station (credit: SERC)

How to MarshCycle
As part of my internship, I was also graciously included in a project called MARSHCYCLE. MARSHCYCLE investigators – including Dr. Maria Tzortziou of CCNY, lead Principal Investigator, and co-Principal Investigators Drs. Pat Neale and Pat Megonigal at SERC, among other scientists – are integrating field, modeling, and remote sensing approaches to disentangle and quantify key carbon processes taking place along the wetland-estuary boundary (where land meets water). My specific role was to evaluate the hydrology of the main tidal creek flooding and draining the Global Change Research Wetland. Information about flow patterns can be used to complete mass balances of water quality constituents entering and leaving the marsh, as well as to clarify mechanisms related to the release and capture of these constituents within the marsh.

The mouth of the Global Change Research Wetland tidal creek. 
On Transducers
To carry out this analysis, the creek needed to be instrumented with flow and depth measurement devices. The selected flow meter was equipped with acoustic and pressure transducers. Acoustic transducers emit sound pulses that bounce off of particles and debris floating in the water. The instrument measures the amount of time it takes for the sound pulses to return to the acoustic transducer after having bounced off of the particles in the water, and can then calculate the velocity of water moving through the creek. This measurement principle is based on the Doppler effect. The pressure transducer measures the surrounding pressure, which corresponds to the depth of the water column. Flow can then be calculated by knowing the depth and velocity of the water.

Taking flow measurements at the Global Change Research Wetland tidal creek.
The flow meter was situated on the creek bottom about 1.5 meters below the water surface.
Collected data are still being analyzed, but we’re starting to see some interesting patterns using time series analysis approaches. Stay tuned for results in the future!

Growing in Work
This internship experience was wonderful in so many ways. I was able to get involved in SERC research and outreach happenings, gain new colleagues and mentors, work in a cutting-edge environmental research facility, learn about water resources issues in a different part of the country, and make some wonderful friends! 

Unpacking our vessel after taking a flow transect of the Rhode River.
Graduate students often don’t create time for these external opportunities because of the various pressures associated with research and school, but I can think of no better supplement to my scientist-engineer training than to have experienced a different work culture and learned from a group of world-renowned scientists outside of my immediate academic circle.

Until next time: A Chesapeake Bay reminder...



Natalie Nelson is a PhD student in Agricultural and Biological Engineering at UF. Her previous IrriGator contributions covered the Annual International Meetings of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (here and here).


Tuesday, September 15, 2015

Meet Morgan Hopkins: UF/IFAS Miami-Dade’s Newest Water Expert

UF/IFAS Miami-Dade filled their long-vacant Florida Yards and Neighborhoods (FYN) Agent position this month. The hire? Morgan Hopkins, a water reuse and conservation expert from Oklahoma.

Having just completed her master’s work this summer, Ms. Hopkins now takes center stage with Miami-Dade’s Urban Conservation Unit, an outfit that administers what is possibly the best funded urban landscape irrigation rebate program in the state, in the most populous county in Florida.


Big personalities take on big tasks in high-profile settings. IrriGator recently interviewed FYN Agent Morgan Hopkins to learn more about her background and her big plans for water in Miami-Dade.

What is your background in water and/or conservation?

I hail from Oklahoma. The Great Plains. While I was there I attended Oklahoma State University (OSU). My undergrad focused on Environmental Science Policy. That’s where I received my formal education on conservation and the environment. But I really delved into water conservation during my master’s program in the OSU Horticulture Department. I was on a grant with Oklahoma City to create and promote a water conservation program. We were coming into our fourth year of drought and my role as the graduate research assistant was to do public education while also continuing my research in reclaimed water use in golf course irrigation and public acceptance of reclaimed water use in Oklahoma. 

Learning the ropes: Morgan Hopkins at a recent landscape irrigation evaluation
What are some of Oklahoma’s current water challenges?

Water is a very contentious subject in Oklahoma, especially when we’re in drought. We’re known for having a drier climate. Everyone knows about the dust bowl from the 1930s. We also experienced a big drought in the 1950s. Oklahoma is based largely on oil production and agriculture so water is very important for both those industries. So when we go without it our economy and people feel the impact.

What is it about Extension that interests you?

I worked with Oklahoma’s Extension through my master’s research and found out how Extension helps the community. I really enjoy that their sole purpose is to help people – to educate and serve the community in a way that is research backed but also backed by counties and business and agriculture. I enjoy tying in the academic research side with the public outreach and working with people.

#UFIFASMIAMIDADEUCU2015: Morgan Hopkins and Jesus Lomeli
What do you think a successful water program looks like in the diverse, populous context of Miami-Dade County?

I think a successful water program would be one that everyone knows about regardless of your economic or social status; it’s something that serves everyone. That would be the basis to me: a program that everyone is aware of and everyone feels is actually benefiting their community as well as the environment. 

Follow Miami-Dade FYN Agent Morgan Hopkins on twitter as she continues with her important water work in South Florida.

Wednesday, August 26, 2015

From Data to Action: Orange County and Smart Irrigation Technology

Following a little over three years of quiet research, the UF-managed smart irrigation study based in Orange County recently enjoyed some time in the spotlight. In July, Orange County Utilities (OCU), confident in the water saving data documented during the project’s lifespan, revealed the next steps for promoting water efficient technology to Central Florida.

Textbook installation of a stand-alone weather-based irrigation controller
A Study Intro
The smart irrigation technology study in Orange County is assessing the water saving potential of two devices in real-world locations:

a) weather-based (ET) irrigation controllers
b) soil moisture sensors (SMS)

167 homes around the county participate in the research - outfitted with one of these devices and a data-logging water meter. Treatments vary by soil type (flatwood or sand) and whether or not UF personnel engaged the study participant with educational material for using the device properly. A group of homes with time-based irrigation systems scattered among all the research areas is used as a control.

Figure 1: water use among treatments and different soil types (courtesy OCU)
The Good News
The study numbers are in (Figure 1) and the water savings are clear, with flatwood soil homes showing less irrigation than sandy homes, and participants that engaged UF personnel showing better savings all around. Michael Dukes, lead researcher and professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, said: “The original objectives were to determine if smart controllers in Orange County could save water. We have shown that they do. Also, most of the customers with this technology indicate they are satisfied or very satisfied with it.”

Textbook soil moisture sensor installation
Is there a difference between the savings achieved by the soil sensor and the weather-based timer? According to researcher/graduate student Eliza Breder the smart irrigation technologies that have site specific programming result in greater water savings. “The soil moisture sensors with site specific programming, on average, across all locations, are shown to apply the least amount of irrigation over the three year study when compared to all other treatments,” Ms. Breder said.

The Future
According to the Orlando Sentinel, Orange County Utilities is working with the St. Johns River Water Management District to establish a water restriction variance for homeowners installing smart irrigation devices. What will this mean? If you have a weather-based timer or soil moisture sensor scheduling your irrigation for you, one or two day a week restrictions no longer apply.
A smart irrigation technology workshop slated for September
What else is in the works? Mr. Dukes would like to see these water efficient devices integrated into housing developments from inception.

“Our monitoring data show average savings 12-45% using these devices for customers that have been verified as having potential savings,” said Mr. Dukes. “We’d like to investigate whether these devices have water savings on a wide scale, say development wide. We are in discussions currently to gauge builder interest in using these technologies widely.”

Monday, August 10, 2015

Big Science in The Big Easy at ASABE's Annual International Meeting

From July 25-29, a large group of Gator students, faculty, and staff assembled in New Orleans, LA. Curiously, none were en route to Baton Rouge, and Bourbon Street was void of “BEAT LSU” shirts and “Geaux Gators” chants. So, what else might motivate such a Gator migration? The Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), of course! This conference draws Agricultural and Biological Engineers from all over the world. Never heard of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ABE)? Check out the IrriGator blog post about last year’s meeting for more information on this interesting field.

Spotlight on Water
This year’s meeting included several water-focused presentations and discussions, including a special session on ecohydrology. Ecohydrology is defined as the study of water’s control on plant and animal life (ecology + hydrology = ecohydrology). Sound familiar, IrriGators? The ecohydrology session featured Dr. Andrea Rinaldo, internationally-recognized Professor of Hydrology and Water Resources at EPFL (Switzerland), as a guest speaker.

Several UF students and professors shared research results and exchanged ideas with engineers and scientists from other organizations. The breadth of the talks made for an engaging and exciting conference! In addition to water, presentations focused on a wide range of topics including bioenergy, global engagement, and more.


Focus on Graduate Students
A recent ASABE initiative to increase the number of activities focused on graduate students led to the creation of several new events, including a Graduate Student Social, Career Panel, and Faculty & Department Chair Meet-and-Greet. As a graduate student myself, these experiences made the conference all the more enriching. Friends and memories were made, and wisdom was gained.   

UF Brings Home the Hardware!
Several UF students and faculty received national recognition for their talents in teaching, research, and fountain building! Yes, you read correctly. Fountain building. Every year, ASABE hosts "Fountain Wars" at the annual conference. This competition calls for teams of undergraduate ABE students to build a fountain in real-time at the conference. The fountain must meet a variety of design criteria and technical tasks, some of which can get pretty out there. This year's student teams were tasked with creating a fountain that could shoot (Little Tike) hoops and float in a circle. UF took first place! 


Next year's Annual International Meeting is being held in Orlando, so stay tuned for opportunities on how to get involved in 2016!

Thursday, July 30, 2015

The Four Elements of Smart Irrigation

If you work in water you know that July is smart irrigation month. If you don’t work in water perhaps you stumbled onto something about it online or in the media if your local water utility is a savvy marketer. 
Why July? 
Traditionally, the numbers indicate that outdoor water-use peaks in July. And if data also indicates that 50% of water applied to landscapes is lost to inefficiency, then we might also conclude that outdoor water waste spikes in July as well.

How many bath tubs?! A Ewing Irrigation infographic

The Four Elements 

Here at IrriGator we know a good educational/marketing opportunity when we see one. So in the run up to this month we set about unpacking the smart irrigation concept. In irrigation the term is usually used to describe a device or technology, but the practice of watering wisely encompasses much more. Here, then, are the four elements of smart irrigation as interpreted by UF/IFAS experts Gail Hansen, Michael Dukes and Kati Migliaccio.




Meanwhile In the Community
While we were busy contributing to the wealth of smart irrigation content online, there were plenty of workshops and events around Florida to inform the public in person. Some of which included:


Further, the main UF campus saw the inauguration of a new trial for the Smartirrigation urban lawn app in North Florida. 

The study site for this trial includes a host of smart technology and will generate additional useful data on the water saving potential of these devices.

Closing Big
I would be remiss if I failed to mention the smart irrigation efforts of Miami-Dade’s Urban Conservation Unit. The South Florida-based group saved the best for last in July with an informative video polling a variety of industry and academic experts on how each defines smart irrigation. The answers may surprise you.




Monday, July 20, 2015

Taking Its Talents North: Smartirrigation Turf App Under Study in Gainesville

Following successful trials in South Florida that established its water saving potential at between 30 and 40 percent, the Smartirrigation turf app begins testing on the UF campus in Gainesville this week. 

Part of a suite of weather data-informed irrigation apps, the turf app was released in fall 2013. The app works with user location and irrigation system specifics to recommend an appropriate irrigation schedule while also sending notifications about incoming or recent rain events. 

Turf app scheduling will be compared to that of weather-based irrigation controllers 
Trials in 2014 at a test site on the IFAS Tropical REC campus in Homestead compared app scheduling to that of widely available time-based and weather-based controllers. The app demonstrated water savings between 30 and 40 percent.

Dr. Kati Migliaccio is leading the North Florida turf app trial
Why North FL?
“The differences in North Florida and South Florida have to do with rainfall and temperature,” said lead researcher Kati Migliaccio, associate professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ABE). “The variation in temperature is greater in North Florida, and the variation in precipitation is greater in South Florida.”

The turf app’s water saving potential will also be compared to timers controlled by three different brands of soil moisture sensors.

Right in the root zone: installing a soil moisture sensor at the research site
Study Site
The app trial is taking place on an irrigation plot on the UF campus. In preparation for this study, the Bermudagrass in the plot was rehabilitated during most of 2014. More recently, the research team has replaced older, worn parts on the irrigation system there and determined the distribution uniformity (DU) of the sprinkler heads in use in the plot.

Dr. Jason Kruse leads the Bermudagrass sprig application during summer 2014
Day to day research tasks will be executed by ABE graduate student Ian Hahus. “In contrast to my other work related to large-scale water conservation through water supply with municipalities, this project is more about what each homeowner can do to manage their water,” Mr. Hahus said. “All those little incremental savings can add up to big changes hopefully.”

Graduate student Ian Hahus assists with setting up catch can grids during DU testing
Try It Yourself
While the Smartirrigation turf app proves its mettle under trial in Gainesville, it’s also available now for download on Android and iOS devices. Any Florida or Georgia resident can use this informative guide to learn about the app and begin making weather-based turf watering decisions today.

“A lot of times when you’re setting a controller you aren’t exactly sure how many minutes to program,” Ms. Migliaccio said. “What the app does is it tells you based on evapotranspiration how many minutes you should set your controller to get the best water-use efficiency out of that water and also to keep your plants healthy.” 


Wednesday, June 24, 2015

Rain Barrels and Pipe Dreams: Separating the Feel-good from the Effective with this Popular Water Conservation Practice

By Mackenzie Boyer and Michael Gutierrez

With thunderstorms aplenty this season, it’s tempting for homeowners to install rain barrels to capture a bit of extra runoff from their roofs. Rain barrels give residents a visible way to support water conservation, and people who use them tend to adopt other conservation measures. But when it comes to the big picture of water sustainability in Florida, rain barrels may not be the best conservation tools. Misconceptions about their benefits abound. Here’s a look at the top five myths surrounding rain barrels:

Baseball, apple pie and a rain barrel
MYTH 1: RAIN BARRELS SAVE A LOT OF WATER: Even with all the rain we have in Florida, rain barrels are too small to save much. With about 60 inches of rain a year, Florida seems like a natural fit for rain barrels, but Florida’s rain is blessed with bad timing. Yards usually need the most water in the spring, but there isn’t enough spring rainfall and storing winter rainfall until the spring isn’t practical. 

On the other hand, summer thunderstorms can drop several inches of rain at once, much more than a rain barrel can store. Using a 50-gallon rain barrel as the standard, it would take about forty rain barrels to irrigate a typical Florida yard once. In west coast numbers, UC Davis professor Jay Lund posits that a rain barrel can replace about 0.1 percent of a Californian’s home water use. Although Floridians can store and use rainwater more often than drought-stricken Californians, the impact on our total water use would still be small.


MYTH 2: RAIN BARRELS SAVE MONEY: Just because rainwater is free doesn’t mean using a rain barrel is cheaper. Tap water costs customers about $3 per 1,000 gallons (the cost varies by utility). A 50-gallon rain barrel that costs about $100 would need to be filled and emptied about 667 times to be cheaper to a consumer than using tap water (or 334 times if purchasing from an Extension program at roughly $50).

MYTH 3: RAIN BARRELS HELP PREVENT FLOODING: Rain barrels have no impact on flooding. A 2011 study of rain barrels in Chicago found no link between rain barrels and localized flooding. To collect the first ½ inch of rainfall (a typical minimum amount recommended for stormwater control) off a 1,000 square foot roof, about six rain barrels would be needed.

MYTH 4: RAINWATER IS CLEANER: Water from a rain barrel may not be cleaner than tap water. Rainwater itself might be cleaner than tap water, but rooftop runoff may not be. Most rain barrels don’t have bypasses to avoid the first flush of debris and pollutants that may wash off a roof, so those contaminates could end up in the rain barrel. Further, rooftop runoff usually flows through an insecticide-treated screen (used to prevent mosquitoes from breeding and any trash from entering) and into the barrel. 

MYTH 5: BY REDUCING WATER USE, RAIN BARRELS REDUCE ENERGY USE: Rain barrels may have a larger carbon footprint. The rainwater doesn’t require treatment and pumping like tap water, but the plastic barrel requires energy to be produced. The carbon footprint of a 50 gallon plastic rain barrel (not including piping, inlet screen, or spigot) is equal to driving a mid-sized car about 25 miles, but using 50 gallons of tap water is equal to driving a distance of about 0.14 miles. A rain barrel would need to be filled and emptied about 180 times before its carbon footprint is equal to the carbon footprint of using tap water. Since Floridians probably fill and empty their rain barrels about ten times per year, it would take about 18 years for a rain barrel to have the same carbon footprint as tap water.

Large cistern action in Carrboro, NC.
Don't Stop Believing
So should we just give up on rain barrels? Not necessarily. But we also shouldn’t continue to over-estimate their benefits. Thinking bigger than rain barrels is a better option. Glenn Acomb, a landscape architect at the University of Florida, recommends thinking about cisterns and green roofs. The key, he says, is to make the rainwater storage large enough to make an impact.

UF/IFAS Irrigation Specialist Michael Dukes recommends playing offense and defense with water conservation: looking to alternative water supplies like rainwater harvesting while also finding ways reduce irrigation demand, such as following Florida-Friendly Landscaping (FFL) principles.  

Do you know your nine principles?
Characterized by their use of native and drought-tolerant plants and efficient irrigation, FFLs provide a multitude of benefits. In addition to water conservation (using about half as much irrigation as traditional landscapes, or none at all), FFLs can create habitat for birds, butterflies, and bugs, reduce fertilizer use, and protect downstream water bodies. And that’s more than anyone can expect from a 50 gallon rain barrel.  
Special things begin with gutters: rain gardens are also a stormwater management option